Reading comprehension involves significant attention, focus, and concentration. Practice can increase our alertness and awareness. Attention is related to emotion and their intensity of those emotions. The more a person feels interested in what someone is saying and the less she feels interested in other conversations in a room, the more intensively attention is concentrated on the conversation at hand.
Although it may seem hard to maintain attention research has shown that the inability to pay attention sometimes leads to boredom, rather than the other way around. Being disorganized, and unable to perform well because of a lack of attention is frustrating.
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The main stress factor involved in the development of the limit stress is restraint, and its evident examples are temporal restraints. Under this type of stress, the person needs to accomplish the tasks quickly and carefully to handle the situation. To solve the problem, the person not only must pay adequate attention but also does need to have the ability to make temporal and spatial predictions and function quickly to coordinate the neural and muscular sensory-motor systems Boot et al.
Fear stress is undoubtedly the type of stress we have all experienced. Under this type of stress, the activity of the neuroendocrine system is at its peak, and thus the characteristics of the vague type of stress are evident in this type associated with recognizable signs and symptoms.
It deprives the affected person of the ability to decide accurately and duly. Moreover, the affected person loses its concentration on the environment and fails to function satisfactorily Burdo, ; Weber et al. Interactive stress is a type of stress associated with interaction with the surrounding elements in video games. EEG signals reflect the electric activities of the brain.
These signals carry useful information on the performance of the brain, and thus are widely used in the fields of medicine, pathological conditions, mind engineering, and cognitive markers. As a powerful means of demonstrating brain activity, EEG signals play a major role in most studies on brain. Hence, the ability to measure and record EEG signals that are free of pollution is an important goal of these studies.
Perhaps an EEG signal is the only type of data that provides online and direct information on the condition of the brain and its activity Burdo, ; Weber et al. Since stress is not always destructive and its effects depend on its type, this study was conducted to examine the different types of stress with regard to the style of video games.
A total of 80 male volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years enrolled in this research project. The study questionnaire gathered the relevant data about personal characteristics of the players, the games of interest, game type, how much do they play per day, and so on. The volunteers were grouped into four each 20 members. In this research, four video games namely the Runner game, Fear game, Excitement game, and Puzzle game, were investigated.
Each group played one type of the games. On the day of experimentation, the samples were liquefied at room temperature and centrifuged at rpm for 5 minutes. The brain waves of the players were recorded and analyzed online using an Emotiv device. Afterwards, the data were filtered and the noises were omitted.
The necessary features were extracted and classified using the machine learning algorithms. In the end, the data were analyzed and the algorithms were tested. The obtained data were analyzed in Matlab and R. A Puzzle game generally improves concentration, memory, and the harmony between the hands and the brain.
This game is based on the mathematical sum function. Interestingly, this type of game has gained extensive popularity after a short period of time, because its immense allure entertains the player for hours. Stress is caused by the fear of inability to function. The symphony of tiles makes the user calm and enables him or her to avoid addiction to the game.
This game is classified as a musical game. Another source of attraction of this game is the excitement caused by the rapid and simultaneous movement of the fingers and the eyes, which results in the composition of a pleasant song. The cause of stress in this game is time limitations. Many video games released in the fear and horror category claim to induce fear in the player. Some of these games show disgusting scenes, some others try to frighten the player with the aid of psychological stresses, and a group of games uses a combination of these factors.
The key to winning this game is to frighten the player with the aid of sound effects. You will be frightened when you play this game but the fear is mainly caused by the mysterious sounds rather than the disgusting faces of the characters. This type of fear is known as the fear of the unknown and is considered a psychological type of fear.
It is a violent and highly exciting game in which the player fights all of his or her rivals and beats them to win the game. You must get used to the bloodbath and the torn apart body parts you will see during the game. However, the blood, flesh pieces, and crushed bones are the elements of a very detailed and entertaining fighting game that amaze you from the moment you start to play. You will fight characters that fight quickly and thoughtlessly in a highly dynamic detailed environment.
The non-parametric Wilcoxon test method was used to determine the differences between the groups. According to Figure 2 the largest change was caused by the fear game. The variations of the concentration of the salivary cortisol rose significantly after playing the Runner game type Figure 3. The variations of the mean concentration of the salivary cortisol in the participants increased significantly after playing the four games. In addition, the mean variations of the salivary cortisol after playing the four games and the percentages of the mean variations of the salivary cortisol are shown in Figure 4 and Table 2 , respectively.
Our investigations showed that the activity of the right forehead hemisphere of people experiencing social anxiety or people exposed to social threats is higher. The mean variations of the concentration of cortisol after playing the game showed that the highest change was caused by the fear game.
The percentages of the variations of the mean concentration of cortisol after playing the games. Therefore, based on these findings and neurofeedback sources, the method selected for analyzing and determining the level of stress must show the ratio of the activity of the two brain hemispheres in the forehead.
Figure 5 depicts the positions of the electrodes on the heads of the players. Moreover, the signals of different people were analyzed with regard to the mentioned stress type. It is worth stating that these diagrams are zero mean diagrams and the horizontal direction is a temporal direction with 0. The mean results of each player of each group are also depicted in the bar diagram No.
The changes of the stress feature of the brain signals of a participant after playing the fear game. The changes of the stress feature of the brain signals of a participant after playing the Excitement game.
The players of video games are different with respect to their age, gender, nationality, and time zone. The importance of video games lies in their effect on the central nervous system of the gamers and their ever-increasing number.
The different styles of video games attract different users and have different effects. Video games use moving pictures and exciting sounds to bring a world of excitement to the fans. These effects use various techniques and tricks to affect the thoughts and minds of the players to the extent that they think they are a part of a whole Boot et al. Related research suggests that action video games can affect the visual short-term memory, spatial understanding, multi-tasking, and some of the aspects of performance Boot et al.
Research results also indicate that cortisol is the most important hormone secreted by the adrenal gland cortex of humans in response to stress.
When the human brain considers a factor a stress or risk factor, amygdala is activated and triggers the parontotrichular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
As a result, corticotropin-releasing hormone is released from the neurons of this nucleus into the blood. In addition, the adrenal sympathetic stress axis, as the second axis, responding to stress in the human body, increases the secretion of ptyalin into the saliva by stimulating the sympathetic system and increasing the norepinephrine hormone. The analyses of the Runner game showed that the concentration of cortisol increased slightly after playing this game.
The increase in stress equals the circumvention of the time limitation, which increases the activity of the stress system and induces fear to overcome this limitation.
Since this game is a horror game it can be destructive in the long run because the players are constantly feeling fear and stress, the adrenal gland and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis are always ready to function, and cortisol is released abnormally.
This type of stress is known as the fear stress Burdo, The increase in the unnatural secretion of cortisol impairs the glutamate system, destroys the nervous synapses, and results in the impairment of memory, learning, and emergence of anger, violence, or depression.
The increase in the concentration of extracellular glutamate and the excessive activity of the ionotropic receptors cause toxicity, which damages the nerve cells and the hippocampus synapses Krawczyk, ; Smeets et al. This game is formed of a set of elements that are not superior to one another, and thus the resulting stress cannot be attributed to a certain feature of the game. This is because stress is caused by violent and frightening visual and sonic elements as well as timely decisions and logic of the player.
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